Pharmaceuticals and the biotechnology market
There are 5 significant groups of commercially essential fermentation:
1. Microbial cells or biomass as the item, e.g. single cell protein, bakers yeast,
lactobacillus, E. coli, and so on
2. Microbial enzymes: catalase, amylase, protease, pectinase, glucose isomerase,
cellulase, hemicellulase, lipase, lactase, streptokinase, and so on
3. Microbial metabolites:
1. Main metabolites– ethanol, citric acid, glutamic acid, lysine, vitamins,
polysaccharides and so on
2. Secondary metabolites: all antibiotic fermentation
4. Recombinant items: insulin, HBV, interferon, GCSF, streptokinase
5. Biotransformations: phenyl acetyl carbinol, steroid biotransformation, and so on
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Immune system to be a police of our body. It is a defence
system of the body that produces resistance or responce versus
the foreign particles or micro-organisms. Lymphocytes are the
foundation of body immune system.
IMMUNITY
It is a natural or gotten resistance of the body to a particular
illness or pathogenic bacterium or foreign particles
produced by body immune system.
Autoimmunity
The body immune system safeguards the body versus infections and
specific other illness. It is comprised of various organs, cells,
and proteins called antibodies. It determines, attacks, and
damages bacteria and other foreign compounds. Often the
body immune system slips up and attacks the body’s own
tissues or organs. This is called autoimmunity. One example of
an autoimmune illness is type 1 diabetes, in which the immune
system ruins the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.
Types of Immunity
Immunity has 2 types;-LRB- 1) Natural Immunity (Non-specific resistance)
2) Acquired Immunity (Specific resistance)
NATURAL IMMUNITY (Non particular resistance)
It is the natural resistance of the body versus infections by a
variety of mechanical and chemical stimuli. It is called as
nonspecific due to the fact that it exists in all people and present from the
earliest time of life. Absence of such kind of resistance is called as
vulnerability.
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (Specific resistance)
It is a gotten resistance of the body versus the foreign
particles or micro-organisms. It includes the development of
antibodies as an outcome of stimulation body immune system by foreign
particles i.e. antigens. They specify and supply particular
resistance
TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (Specific resistance)
[1] Active Immunity
[2] Passive Immunity
IMMUNITY
_____________
│ │
Innate Acquired
______________ │ ___________
Passive Active
Artificial Natural Artificial Natural
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